Overview
Acne is one of the most common skin conditions worldwide, affecting up to 85% of people at some point in their lives. It occurs when hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells, leading to whiteheads, blackheads, pimples, and in severe cases, cysts or nodules. While most common during puberty due to hormonal changes, acne can affect people of all ages and can persist well into adulthood. It most commonly appears on the face, neck, chest, back, and shoulders.
Causes and risk factors
The following factors are associated with the development of Acne:
- Excess oil (sebum) production from sebaceous glands
- Hair follicles clogged by oil and dead skin cells
- Bacterial overgrowth, particularly Cutibacterium acnes
- Hormonal changes during puberty, menstruation, or pregnancy
- Certain medications including corticosteroids and lithium
- Diet high in refined carbohydrates or dairy products
- Stress, which increases cortisol and oil production
- Genetic predisposition — runs in families
Signs and symptoms
Common signs and symptoms of Acne include:
- Whiteheads (closed plugged pores)
- Blackheads (open plugged pores)
- Small red tender bumps (papules)
- Pimples (pustules) with pus at tips
- Large solid painful lumps under skin (nodules)
- Painful pus-filled lumps beneath the skin (cystic lesions)
- Oily skin on face, chest and back
- Skin discolouration or scarring after lesions heal
Diagnosis
Acne is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and appropriate investigations such as blood tests, imaging, or specialist review, depending on the specific condition and presentation. Your doctor will consider all relevant symptoms and risk factors before making a diagnosis.
Treatment options
Treatment approaches for Acne may include:
- Topical benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids
- Oral antibiotics for moderate to severe acne
- Hormonal therapies including combined oral contraceptives
- Isotretinoin for severe or resistant cases
- Chemical peels and light therapy
- Gentle non-comedogenic skincare routine
- Avoid touching or picking at spots
- Oil-free moisturisers and sunscreens
Prevention
Wash face twice daily with mild cleanser, use non-comedogenic products, change pillowcases weekly, stay hydrated, manage stress.
Complications
If left untreated or poorly managed, Acne can lead to complications including:
Permanent scarring, hyperpigmentation, and psychological effects including anxiety and reduced self-esteem.
Sources and references: This article is written in accordance with NHS UK, WHO, and Mayo Clinic clinical guidelines. It is reviewed for accuracy by the SymptomSense content team. ICD-10 code: L70. Last reviewed June 2026.